Free shipping for many products! Because of its brilliant color, the poinsettia was a symbol of purity to the Indians. At the time of sale, the plants growth period is over, so its need for nutrients is minimal. [38] The discovery of the role phytoplasmas play in the growth of axillary buds is credited to Ing-Ming Lee of the USDA Agricultural Research Service. It is traditionally regarded as a true Christmas flower. Funny thing about history though; it seems to change over time to suit a specific agenda. They form a circle around a cluster of small yellow flowers on the plant. Please refer to the appropriate style manual or other sources if you have any questions. March 1, 2023, Publication date: Also, look at the underside of the leaves to check for insect damage. (botany) a. la flor de Pascua. Then touch the surface of the soil. This happens if purchase through an affiliate link but the price the the same for you. [21], Poinsettias are popularly, though incorrectly, said to be toxic to humans and other animals. It was almost certainly seen by early European explorers and colonists, but somehow never entered cultivation in Europe. Winter Rose White. I also love celebrating national days because, here, its Always the Holidays. When shopping for a poinsettia, look for leaves and bracts that do not show any wilting, which could indicate root problems, Trinklein said. [40], In the late 1980s, university researcher John Dole[41] discovered the method previously known only to the Eckes and published it, allowing competitors to flourish, particularly those using low-cost labor in Latin America. Natives call this special flower the Christmas Star . The poinsettia is said to have been used by . The holotype had been collected in Mexico during an 18031804 expedition by Alexander von Humboldt and Aim Bonpland. In their native region of southern Mexico, poinsettias flower during the winter season. All content on this site is Carol G Speake (Always The Holidays) unless otherwise stated. In nature, the lengthening nights of late September and October trigger poinsettias to flower, Trinklein said. https://extension.missouri.edu/media/wysiwyg/Extensiondata/NewsAdmin/Photos/stock/plants/Poinsettia-ARS.jpgThe poinsettia's small flowers are surrounded by colorful leaves called bracts. He later established Ecke Ranch in Encinitas, California. Press Enter or Space to enter content for each tab button. Poinsett had attended medical school himself, but was a dedicated, almost obsessive botany-lover. At home, place it near a sunny window where it will get bright, indirect light for at least 6 hours a day. It has been hypothesized that the inaccessibility of the canyons may protect the wild populations from human disturbance. Go back and get it! Growingfood sovereigntywith an African Diaspora focus. document.getElementById("eeb-998483-568343").innerHTML = eval(decodeURIComponent("%27%69%6e%66%6f%40%62%61%72%74%72%61%6d%73%67%61%72%64%65%6e%2e%6f%72%67%27"))*protected email*. Philadelphia nurserymen also used the name Poinsetts euphorbia and around 1832 Robert Buist began using Euphorbia poinsettia for the new plant. They are a small shrub, but over time have been trained to grow as the potted plants we so often see during Thanksgiving and Christmas. Event date: March 5, 2023, Event time: 1:00 pm - 3:00 pm, Event date: March 6, 2023, Event time: 8:00 am - 12:00 pm, Event date: March 6, 2023 - April 21, 2023, Event date: March 6, 2023 - March 10, 2023, Publication date: Poinsettias come in many colors, including scarlet, ivory, pink and mauve. If you enjoyed learning these facts about poinsettias, and discovering National Poinsettia Day, youll be excited to know there are actually several national days of the year dedicated to plants. (215) 729-5281 Joel Roberts Poinsett introduced the poinsettia plant to the United States from Mexico. Remember that this is a tropical plant, so don't leave it in a cold car while you run other errands. What looks like petals are specialized leaves called bracts. You can skip fertilizer or plant food, Trinklein said. Make sure you check out our posts on the traditions of Christmas greenery and the history of mistletoe if this topic interests you. The poinsettia flowered in Edinburgh for the first time in the spring of 1835, but imperfectly. Many Americans only see poinsettia plants when they are wrapped in tinsel on the holiday table. He first served as a special envoy to Mexico in 1822-1823, and when the new Mexican Republic was recognized in 1824, Poinsett was first U. S. Minister Plenipotentiary. He studied anthropology, historical archaeology, and American Civilization at the University of Pennsylvania, and has written extensively on the history of Bartrams Garden and the Bartram family plant collections. The Aztecs referred to poinsettia as "cuetlaxochitl" (brilliant flower), while the Maya called them "k'alul wits" (ember flower). A. Lauren, regardless of where a flower was discovered or has possibly been used to divine a purpose dictated from someones heart, has nothing to do with the poinsettia that was created as a thing of beauty. Disclosure of Material Connection: Some of the links in the post above are "affiliate links." As she lay the stems near the manger at the local church's nativity scene, they burst forth with red blossoms. Aside from the Christmas tree itself, no plant symbolizes Christmas quite like the poinsettia. Congress passed a bill in 2002 making December 12, National Poinsettia Day (which is also the anniversary of Joel Roberts Poinsetts death). The presence of the true flower indicates the plant is still relatively young, he said. While every effort has been made to follow citation style rules, there may be some discrepancies. [14], The tropical dry forests where wild poinsettias grow experience largely unregulated deforestation, resulting in habitat loss. [11] In Chile and Peru, the plant became known as the "crown of the Andes". In addition to being an avid botanist, Joel Roberts Poinsett was very passionate about science. (F) I want to put a poinsettia in the middle of each table.Quiero poner una flor de Pascua en medio de cada mesa. What is the poinsettia called in Central America? Water well and place the newly-potted plant in front of the brightest window you have, and once again keep it at a temperature of 65 to 75 degrees Fahrenheit. In Mexico, the poinsettia is called "flores de nochebuena," which translates as flowers of the Holy Night. What is the Aztec name for poinsettia? Easter lilies and dogwood trees are linked to the resurrection of Jesus Christ and because of this, they are two of the symbols of Easter. National Poinsettia Day Poinsettia Colors, Symbolism, Facts & more! [32], Until the 1990s, the Ecke family, who had moved their operation to Encinitas, California, in 1923, had a virtual monopoly on poinsettias owing to a technique that made their plants much more attractive. 2023Yankee Publishing, Inc., An Employee-Owned Company Click to see our Privacy Policy, Christmas is here, bring on the poinsettias!! Here are five things you should know about Central America. Its relatively easy to tell when a poinsettia needs water, Trinklein said. It is particularly well known for its red and green foliage and is widely used in Christmas floral displays. To narrow it down, these flowers originated from the quaint little town of Taxco de Alarcn in Mexico. Poinsettias are also one of the two birth flowers of December (the other is Narcissus). When she placed the bouquet down, it changed into beautiful red poinsettias. [5] Similarly, a cat or dog's exposure to poinsettias rarely necessitates medical treatment. ), In the summer of 1833, the botanist Constantine Rafinesque published the first scientific description of the poinsettia in Philadelphia, for his Atlantic Journal. poinsettia, ( Euphorbia pulcherrima ), well-known member of the spurge family ( Euphorbiaceae ), commonly sold as an ornamental at Christmastime. . The poinsettia flower is native to Central America - specifically, an area in southern Mexico called "Taxco del Alarcon" - and the plants were used by the ancient Aztecs to make a purple dye for clothing and cosmetics. Like most native products flowers fruits and the like are known today with English names as is the custom since people like Poinsett saw the flower and introduced in the US and the rest is part of the folclore. It is the first known phytoplasma that has economically advantageous effects. Many plants in the Euphorbiaceae family ooze a milky white sap which can cause skin irritations for people who are allergic to latex. . At present there is evidence that four different collections of seeds and plants were sent from Mexico to Bartrams Garden in Philadelphia in the period 1828-1829. Take a close look at the cyathia as well. Long before the arrival of Europeans, the Aztecs of central Mexico cultivated the plant and called it Cuetlaxochitl. The poinsettia (Euphorbia pulcherrima) is known all across the world as the flower of Christmas. Poinsett, Maclure, Say, and Keating all arranged for Mexican seeds of plants to be sent to Bartrams Garden. Enjoy all that theTidal Schuylkill Riverhas to offer. [7], It was known by the common name "poinsettia" as early as 1836,[8] derived from Joel Roberts Poinsett, a botanist and the first US Minister to Mexico. Poinsett was so impressed by the beauty of these plants that he sent cuttings back to hisplantation near Georgetown,South Carolina,where they were propagated and called the Mexican Fire Plant. The plant was shared with botanical gardens and growers across the country. David Trinklein 573/882-9631. Use arrows left and right to move between the items. Paul Ecke Jr. also went on talk shows to promote the plant. Skin exposure to the sap may cause itchiness, redness, or swelling. Genetic analyses showed that the wild populations in northern Guerrero are the likely ancestors of most cultivated poinsettias. If you live in U.S. Department of Agriculture plant hardiness zones 10 through 12, you can begin planting poinsettia outdoors. BONUS: Youll also receive our freeBeginner GardeningGuide! Population sizes are frequently very small, with as few as a dozen individuals. They brought back artifacts to display in Washington, DC (in what is now part of the Smithsonian). COLUMBIA, Mo. The colored "flowers" are actually specialized leaves called bracts, while the true flowers are inconspicuous beads found in the center of the bracts. A common myth that has existed for generations is that a poinsettia's leaves are poisonous. What makes this remarkable is that most poinsettias are sold between the week of Thanksgiving and Christmas Day. [6] Klotzsch credited Carl Ludwig Willdenow with the species name "pulcherrima", and the authority is given as Willd. Did you enjoy learning those facts about poinsettias? There is religious symbolism in the poinsettia flower the star shape represents the Star of Bethlehem, the red leaves represent the blood of Christ, and white leaves represent the purity of Christ. What is a poinsettia called in Mexico? She was very poor so all she could do was picka bouquet of weeds to offer. The poinsettia is native to Mexico and Central America, where it grows in moist, wet, wooded ravines and on rocky hillsides. They write new content and verify and edit content received from contributors. b. la flor de Nochebuena. Specific details about its spread from there are largely unverifiable, but it was exhibited at the Pennsylvania Horticultural Society's 1829 Philadelphia Flower Show by Colonel Robert Carr. Everyone watching was convinced they had seen a miracle. Some have even been treated with dyes, painted, or sprayed with glitter. D. Theophrastus. For over 150 years, December 12 was considered National Poinsettia Day to honor the day of Poinsett's death in 1851. In Mexico, the poinsettia is known as Flor de Nochebuena, or Christmas Eve Flower. in . You may be surprised to know that poinsettias are not actually flowers! [30], Poinsettias are popular Christmas decorations[31] in homes, churches, offices, and elsewhere across North America, as a result of an extensive marketing campaign by the Ecke family that began by shipping free poinsettias to television stations for use on-air. Indigenous to Mexico and Central America, the poinsettia was first described by Europeans in 1834. In fact, it provides 80% of the poinsettias in the United States, and about 50% of the worlds supply of poinsettias! just read the article Updates? They also used the poinsettias' milky white sap wax to create a medicine to treat fevers. This day honors both of the men who made this beautiful flower so popular in the United States. Frequently Asked Questions. Encyclopaedia Britannica's editors oversee subject areas in which they have extensive knowledge, whether from years of experience gained by working on that content or via study for an advanced degree. Most wild populations are on Pacific-facing slopes in steep canyons. Perhaps the 1st religious connotations were placed on poinsettias during the 17C. This has not been documented in wild poinsettias, though, as cultivars seldom flower and do not produce fruits. what is the poinsettia called in central america. Use Tab key to loop through the section below. Enjoy upcomingworkshops, self-care, and events. [4] A survey of more than 20,000 calls to the American Association of Poison Control Centers from 19851992 related to poinsettia exposure showed no fatalities. The brightly colored parts of the plant (called bracts) are actually modified leaves. To promote poinsettias as a Christmas plant, he sent thecrimson-leavedplants to TV studios across the country, including The Tonight Show and Bob Hopes holiday specials. The plant was so highly prized in Aztec culture that "Cuetlaxochitl," as the plant was . Pick up the pot. ", La flor de Noche Buena today known as Poinsettia is not a tropical flower central Mexico is not tropical is high altitude mountain region and is part of the North American continent. If you make it out to the Smithsonian Gardens for Christmas this year, make sure to look at all of the beautiful poinsettias! His son, Paul Ecke Jr. impacted the history of poinsettias by helping the horticultural industry push for floral and nursery crops to be included in the US Department of Agricultures research budget. Indigenous to Mexico and Central America, the poinsettia was first described by Europeans in 1834. The plant now known as poinsettia, Euphorbia pulcherrima, is native to the pacific coast of Mexico and has an ancient history of human use. [11] Nothing is known about pollination in wild poinsettias, though wasps are noted to occasionally visit the cyathia. Often these trees can reach heights up to 10 feet tall. Each year millions of live potted plants are cultivated and shipped across much of the world for a six-week Christmas season, only to be thrown away in January. Unlike fresh Christmas trees, the cultivation of which has some ecological benefits and for which many municipalities have recycling programs, poinsettias are fairly resource-intensive and typically end up in landfills after the holiday. From that day forward, the poinsettias were called Flores de la Noche Buena, or Flowers of the Holy Night. Since graduating from The University of North Carolina at Greensboro, Jess has been living and working in Los Angeles, CA. 7 C. 8 D. 20 E. 25, 2. Its scientific name is Euphorbia pulcherrima, meaning "very beautiful." John Bartram of Pennsylvania, the father of the American nursery industry, was the first to sell poinsettias under their botanical name. Ambassador Poinsettia offered to buy Texas so he could reintroduce slavery into Tejas. A year later, in July 1830 a committee of the PHS, For visiting the Nurseries and Gardens in the vicinity of Philadelphia, made particular note of the Euphorbia heterophylla, with its large scarlet flowers, as well as some curious species of Cactus, lately received from Mexico at the Bartram Botanic Garden. A German botanist, Wilenow, named it Euphorbia pulcherrima (most beautiful) in 1833, the correct scientific name to this day. Use Esc key to go back to input search field. Rafinesque recorded the brief history of the plant in Philadelphia to date: The Botanical Garden of Bartram received some years ago from Mr. Poinsett our ambassador in Mexico, a fine new green-house shrub, akin to Euphorbia, with splendid scarlet blossoms, or rather bracts. Now that you know the poinsettia isnt actually a flower, its interesting to think that poinsettias are one of the flowers that represent this month! Poinsettias are not the only plants with religious symbolism. The poinsettia, a red-leafed plant that appears everywhere around Christmastime, first came to the United States in the late 1820s. What appear to be flower petals are actually leaves (called bracts). Check out this post to learn how to grow poinsettias indoors for the holidays and beyond. Photo by Scott Bauer, USDA Agricultural Research Service. The winter-blooming plant was used for medicinal purposes (from its sap) and as a source of red . Poinsettias (Euphorbia pulcherrima) are popular potted plants, particularly during the Christmas season. . The coast is lowlands, but the rest of the countries are made up of . His son, Paul Ecke, developed the grafting technique, but it was the third generation of Eckes, Paul Ecke Jr., who was responsible for advancing the association between the plant and Christmas. The Countries That Make Up Central America. Buist was a great popularizer of the new plant, but has undeservedly received major credit for its introduction. Creating this institution was a big task and there wasnt a clear idea how it would work. External exposure to the plant may result in a skin rash for some. In Spain, Puerto Rico, and Central America, it is known as the Easter Flower. Youll know all the history behind them, and their connection to the museum. But the reason poinsettias became so popular is due to Paul Ecke and his inventiveness. Robert Buist, a Philadelphia nurseryman, remembered seeing the first poinsettia roots unpacked at Bartrams Garden in 1828: On my arrival in this country from the Royal Botanic Gardens in Edinburgh, in 1828, I paid a visit to the famed Bartram Botanic Garden, and there saw two cases of plants which had just arrived from Mexico. As mentioned earlier, the poinsettia is a symbol of Christmas because of a Mexican legend telling a poinsettia story set during the holiday. [14] All flowers in the Euphorbiaceae are unisexual (either male or female only), and they are often very small in size. The history of the poinsettia begins with an old Mexican legend and, later, a major American business venture. The poinsettia is native to the tropical areas of southern Mexico and Central America, where it grows as a small tree. Poinsettia was one of my mother's favorite plants.La flor de Pascua era una de las plantas preferidas de mi madre. You may also see it written as La Flor de la Nochebuena, which means Flower of Christmas Eve. The third largest continent on Earth covers an area of 24.7 million km (9.5 million sq mi) and is situated in Earth's western hemisphere. Imagine acres of poinsettias in all colors and sizes! Red poinsettias symbolize the blood of Christ. And an angel of the Lord appeared to them, and the glory of the Lord shone around them, and they were filled with great fear. Left and right arrows move across top level links and expand / close menus in sub levels. [14], Aztec people use the plant to produce red dye and as an antipyretic medication. [11], The plant's association with Christmas began in 16th-century Mexico, where legend tells of a girl, commonly called Pepita or Mara, who was too poor to provide a gift for the celebration of the nativity of Jesus and was inspired by an angel to gather weeds from the roadside and place them in front of the church altar. what is the poinsettia called in central america what is the poinsettia called in central america. She felt sad, but her cousin, Pedro told her that the baby Jesus would appreciate any present given with love. In Spain, Puerto Rico, and other Central America countries it's known as Flor de Pascua or Pascua, meaning Christmas Flower. This was the first public show of the PHS, a tradition continued today as the Philadelphia Flower Show. Heres a tweet to get you started: On July 22, 2002 Congress agreed that December 12 would become National Poinsettia Day. Celebrate Santas List Day Find Out Who Is On The Nice List This Year. After creating these displays, he urged that James Smithsons money be spent to create a national museum. The site navigation utilizes arrow, enter, escape, and space bar key commands. A man passionate about science, Poinsett insisted that scientists be included in these global travels. As of 2012, wild poinsettias were not protected by Mexican law. [9] Cultivation in the US began when diplomat Joel Roberts Poinsett sent some of the plants back to his greenhouses in South Carolina in the 1820s. Bacterial diseases include bacterial soft rot and bacterial canker, while a viral disease is Poinsettia mosaic virus. December 12, 2023. hessy wa kayole pictures. In nature, the lengthening nights of late September and October trigger poinsettias to flower, Trinklein said. This process, in response to certain amounts of light or lack thereof, turns the . In order to post comments, please make sure JavaScript and Cookies are enabled, and reload the page. Poinsett's Early Diplomacy. See more advice on how totake care of poinsettias and otherChristmas plants. Today, Poinsettias are not only the most popular Christmas plant, but the best-selling potted plant in the United States and Canada, contributingover $250 million to the U.S. economy at the retail level. Poinsettia is the plant's common name. Remove any excess water that is still in the planter after 10 minutes. Legend links it with the birth of Christ and a little shepherdess named Madelon. The poinsettia, native to Mexico, was given the botanical name Euphorbia pulcherrima, which literally means "very beautiful." Its popular name honors Joel Roberts Poinsett, the first U.S. ambassador to Mexico, who introduced the plant here. So, after Pepitaset the flowers at the crcheof the nativity on Christmas Eve, the angels transformed the weedsinto beautiful red flowers. At this early stage, the appropriate scientific name for the poinsettia was still in doubt. The angels felt compassion for her plight. The Ecke family of southern California began growing Why are the leaves on a poinsettia plant red? View all agriculture and environment programs, Continuing Education for Health Professions, Living a Healthy Life with Chronic Conditions, Poinsettia: America's most popular flower, Defensive Tactics: Ground Control and Handcuffing Seminar, Fire Service Instructor I (Blended) - CP23271, Fire Apparatus Driver/Operator: Pumper - CP23192, Keep your eyes peeled for colorful St. Patrick's Day spuds, MU experts offer HACCP training for food processors, Survey to help guide state broadband efforts, Preserve It Fresh, Preserve It Safe: 2023, No. ex Klotzsch. Populations can be up to several hundred individuals, but this is not typical. James McNab also visited Philadelphia, and Bartrams Garden in the summer of 1834, and probably took the first successful poinsettia plants back with him to Edinburgh in the fall. Check out this post featuring 27 Christmas plants. (Grahams new genus Poinsettia has since been returned to Euphorbia. It was introduced to the United States in 1828 and got its name from Joel Roberts Poinsett. In the wild, poinsettia plants are native to the Pacific coastline of southwestern Mexico and Guatemala. The poinsettia plant is a ubiquitous Christmas staple. Though often stated to be highly toxic, the poinsettia is not dangerous[4] to pets or children. After its introduction in Philadelphia, the poinsettia was shipped around the country during the 1800s, usually as an outdoor plant for warm climates. [11] In Nahuatl, the language of the Aztecs, the plant is called cuetlaxchitl, meaning 'flower that grows in residues or soil'. [14] Each year in the US, approximately 70 million poinsettias are sold in a period of six weeks, at a value of US$250 million. poinsettia cuetlaxochitl The Aztecs called poinsettia cuetlaxochitl (brilliant flower) and the Mayans referred to it as k'alul wits (ember flower). These plants were highly prized by Kings Netzahualcyotl & Montezuma, but because of climatic restrictions could not be grown in their capital, which is now Mexico City. When did poinsettias originate? a plant, Euphorbia (Poinsettia) pulcherrima, of the spurge family, native to Mexico and Central America, having variously lobed leaves and brilliant scarlet, pink, or white petallike bracts. The poinsettia flower, or Euphorbia pulcherrima, is a plant of the spurge family and is commercially important. 3 B. Updated. It's one of the most popular plants in the world, with annual sales of ~90m units and a global retail impact of nearly $1B. Feb. 9, 2023, Publication date: C. Carl Linnaeus. During this time of the year, poinsettias are all around! The legend says that there once was a little girl from Mexico named Pepita who wanted to see the baby Jesus on Christmas Eve. At the time, Joel Roberts Poinsett was the US Secretary of War, and was in charge of the United States Exploring Expedition. It is a little-known fact that the poinsettia was introduced to the gardening world from the Bartram Botanic Garden in 1829. In 1834, Europeans first described the poinsettia. Native to southern Mexico and Central America, poinsettia has become symbolic of the holiday season for many Americans. The United Nations geoscheme defines "North America" as consisting of three regions . 1993 to document.write(new Date().getFullYear()) Curators of the University of Missouri, all rights reserved, DMCA and other copyright information. Poinsettia (Euphorbia pulcherrima) is the traditional flower associated with Christmas and the top-selling flowering potted plant in the United States. Thomas Say sent over a hundred varieties of seeds from Mexico, of my own collecting in a letter to Robert Carr dated July 23, 1828. The Aztecs had many uses for them including using the flowers (actually special types of bright leaves known as bracts rather than flowers) to make a purple dye for clothes & cosmetics The milky white sap, latex, was made into a medicine to treat fevers. . FACT CHECK: Our editorial staff aims to be accurate and fair in all posts. Lets celebrate this beautiful plant by learning facts about poinsettias, and discovering more about the history, origin and symbolism and meaning of the poinsettia. Help improve lives, communities and economies throughout the state. [8] Carr described it as "a new Euphorbia with bright scarlet bracts or floral leaves, presented to the Bartram Collection by Mr. Poinsett, United States Minister of Mexico. They were cultivated by the Aztecs for use in traditional medicine. One year, I took advantage of an open house at a local wholesale grower's greenhouse to view the estimated 40,000 plants they had ready to be shipped out to stores in my region. The botanical name for Poinsettias is Euphorbia pulcherrima, which literally means the most beautiful Euphorbia. Want to learn more about this beautiful plant? Find our latestdataon the rivers bacteria levels and recent rainfall. The poinsettia's small flowers are surrounded by colorful leaves called bracts. In reply to This is such a limited by Lauren Tartaglia (not verified). In fact, he is one of the reasons the Smithsonian Institute exists as a museum. The poinsettia is known throughout the world, though not always as a Christmas flower. Click here for instructions on how to enable JavaScript in your browser. He developed a secret grafting technique for the plants. The Poinsettias native to southern Mexico & Mesoamerica, unlike todays commercial cultivars, grow into straight & tall trees. [36] There are over 100 cultivated varieties of poinsettia that have been patented in the US. Poinsettias grow as a perennial shrub in Mexico and parts of Central America. [37][11][12], To produce extra axillary buds that are necessary for plants containing multiple flowers, a phytoplasma infectionwhose symptoms include the proliferation of axillary budsis used. In rare cases, exposure to the eye may result in eye irritation. What is a poinsettia called in Central America? In Spain, Puerto Rico, and other Central America countries it's known as Flor de Pascua or Pascua, meaning Christmas Flower. Many of these poinsettias are grown by Paul Ecke Ranch, which serves half the worldwide market and 70 percent of the US market. It is commonly known as poinsettia after Joel Roberts Poinsett, who introduced the plant into the United States in 1825. 12. Poinsettia plants are native to Central America, especially an area of southern Mexico known as 'Taxco del Alarcon' where they flower during the winter. It is humid and consists of swamp lands. The new euphorbia was re-named Poinsettia pulcherrima by Robert C. Graham, Regius Professor of Botany at Edinburgh, in an article prepared both for Curtiss and the Edinburgh New Philosophical Journal.
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